Անգլերեն

 Նախագիծ  «Ես կարողանում եմ»

①Մուտքագրել տեքստը

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Working canditions 

People in the industrial labor force faced profound changes in their lives. Many workers were forced to make a painful transition from skilled to semi-skilled or unskilled labor. Semi-skilled and unskilled jobs could be learned by almost anyone. Thus they had lower status and lower pay.

②Համացանցից ընտրել նյութ, կարդալ, հասկանալ, օգտվել on-line բառարանից, թարգմանել մի հատված և գրել կարծիք տվյալ նյութի վերաբերյալ:

Choose a topic from the Internet, read and understand it, use on-line dictionaries, translate a passage and write your opinion about it.

Drama

Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance.The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action", which is derived from the verb"to do" or "to act". The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception.The early modern tragedy Hamlet (1601) by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus the King (c. 429 BCE) by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama.A modern example is Long Day's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill (1956).

Դրաման արձակի յուրահատուկ տարատեսակ է, որը ներկայացվում է բեմականացումներում։ «Դրամա» տերմինը ծագում է հին հունարեն «գործողություն» բառից։ Դրամայի բեմականացումը դերասանների կողմից թատրոնում՝ բեմի վրա և հանդիսատեսի առջև, ենթադրում է համատեղ արտադրանք և միասնական ընդունելություն։ Այդ երկուսն էլ իրենց ազդեցությունը կարող են ունենալ դրամատիկական ստեղծագործությունների կառուցվածքի վրա։  Ուիլյամ Շեքսպիրի «Համլետ» ( 1601) և Սոփոկլեսի «Էդիպուս արքա» (Մ.Թ.Ա. 429) ողբերգությունները դրամայի գլուխգործոցներն են համարվում,իսկ ժամանակակից գործերից՝ Յուջին Օ'Նիլի 1956 թվականին գրված «Երկար օրը գնում է գիշեր»-ը (Long Day's Journey into Night)։ 

③Ստեղծած նյութը տեղադրել բլոգում, անգլերեն լեզվի բաժնում:

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http://mywarmsun.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html

④Ստեղծել ֆիլմ կամ կազմել երկխոսություն և ձայնագրել այն:

Create a film or make a conversation and record it.

Emergency Preparedness as an Olympic Event:

The Role of Contingency Planning in the Atlanta Centennial Olympic Games


The flame has been extinguished, visitors have departed, and the world spotlight has moved on to other arenas, but the memories of the 1996 Olympic Games remain memories of world records, courage triumphing over pain, and most of all the explosion in Centennial Park that provided these games’ darkest and brightest moments. Atlantans throughout the city are back to “business as usual” while wondering just what the long-term impact on our city will be. How will history judge these Games, and the city of Atlanta along with them?

For those of us who worked on the plans built to prepare for emergencies ranging from employees having difficulty getting to work up through a massive and devastating terrorist attack, the question we have all asked ourselves is: how did we do?
Beginning with Juan Antonio Samaranch’s declaration over six years ago that the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games would go to “the city of Atlanta,” the preparations for the Games seemed to gain speed and momentum as the “Days Until the Olympic Games” sign dwindled down from 1000 days to 365 days, and finally to zero.
From the beginning it was recognized that the Centennial Games would be an undertaking of unprecedented proportions. As the time grew shorter, the plans of the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG) called for the largest peacetime event in the history of the planet.
Witness the following Centennial Games statistics:
• 11,000,000 tickets (more than the Lillehammer and Barcelona Games combined)
• 32 competition venues
• Almost 200 countries participating (a new record)
• Over 3000 hours of television coverage
• 60% of the human race watching (over 3 billion people)
• Approximately $5 billion economic impact to the Southeast region



Add to this spectacular mix the following projections:
• Over 300,000 Games spectators (average) each day
• At the peak of Games activity, approximately 1.5 million visitors to a city of approximately 2.5 million people
• Over 10,000 tons of trash generated



Finally, the bulk of this activity would be taking place inside an area with a radius of only 1 1/2 miles (the so-called “Olympic Ring”), the tightest, most dense packing of events and spectators in Olympic history!

Truly, the challenges seemed daunting at times, but this particular freight train was coming at us and we knew that it was going to arrive on July 19, 1996, whether we were ready or not. With the inevitability of the Games in mind, the planning proceeded at a furious pace.
Planning for the Atlanta Olympic Games took place in three main areas: 1) personal planning (do I stay in Atlanta or leave/take vacation or work/rent my home or not, etc.); 2) business planning (how will we maintain our critical functions during the Games), and 3) actual Games planning (construction, data processing, transportation, communications, logistics, security, etc.) The remainder of this article will focus on the latter two types, business planning and Games planning.
Long before the 1996 Games began, Atlanta businesses (both private and public sectors) were told that “business as usual” would be virtually impossible during the 17 days of the Games. Road closings, increased security at entrances to businesses and public areas, and shortages of parking places were anticipated well in advance of the July 19 Opening Ceremonies.
For businesses with their primary (or only) locations falling inside the Olympic Ring, the predictions were somewhat dire: employees unable to get to work, customers staying away in droves, pickups and deliveries delayed or even prevented, and services (copier repair, etc.) available either sporadically or not at all.

Consequently, seminars on “Preparing for the Olympic Games” began cropping up as early as 1994, with the final year before the Games witnessing some kind of “be prepared” seminar being held almost every week. The messages advanced by these seminars varied somewhat, but ordinarily went something like this:
• Map the location(s) of your business on a grid showing major transportation arteries, Olympic venues, parking and public transportation terminals, and known road closings.
• For those locations almost certain to be impacted by increased Games traffic or road closings, consider one or more of the following options: vacation, telecommuting, moving operations to remote sites, staggering work hours, or using buses to transport employees to and from work;
• For those locations not likely to be impacted, have backup plans “just in case” but initially plan to conduct business as usual;
• For those locations which might or might not be impacted, implement alternative work options for the first few days or the first week of the Games until an assessment of the actual impact could be made.
Those businesses choosing to permit employees to telecommute were able to select from several different seminars specifically addressing this option (although remote database accessing was often not mentioned as a potential problem, and many telecommuters discovered during the Games that their employers had not provided sufficient access ports to handle the increased call volume!)

All in all, the message of “Olympic preparedness” was delivered to those employers in Atlanta who cared to listen (and even to some who didn’t!)
The actual planning processes employed for the Centennial Games themselves were far more complex than the plans for individual businesses. This article will not address the contingency plans which had to be developed in the areas of transportation, construction, communications, data processing and logistics (It would take a superhuman effort for one person to record - much less actually read through - all the planning efforts which went into those subject matter areas!), Rather, the discussion will center on aspects of the security planning.
Much of the security and public safety planning for the Atlanta Games was, and still remains, classified information.
However, due to the absolute need for some degree of cooperation between ACOG, agencies of the public sector (intelligence, law enforcement and emergency management) and certain businesses within the private sector (e.g. data processing and utility companies), some information can be shared with regard to the planning done to make the Games secure.
The possible threats to participants in the Olympic Games were broken down into categories and subcategories. The three main categories were (of course) human, technological, and natural threats. The technological threats posed were primarily in the area of failures: equipment failures, software failures, and interface failure. These threats, while very real possibilities, did not appear to pose the threat to life and physical safety inherent in the human and natural threat categories.
The natural category of potential threats to the Games was of real and immediate concern. Chief among these concerns was the possibility of weather-related injuries, particularly heat exhaustion and/or sunstroke.

Atlanta in July can be hot and humid to extremes (100+ degrees F., and >80% humidity). How could we keep our international visitors from harm when our hands might be full just keeping Olympic staff and volunteers functioning?

The answer came in the form of “cooling stations,” air-conditioned public areas (some of which were actually equipped with “showers” that emitted a fine, cool mist) designed to permit quick access and exit.
The presence of these “cooling stations,” as well as significant numbers of emergency personnel, was a substantial factor in keeping the numbers of heat-related problems to a surprising minimum during the hottest days of the Centennial Games.
The other natural threat posed a potentially tougher problem: how to get thousands of spectators out of harm’s way should a dangerous storm hit one or more of the competition venues. Fortunately, no such storm occurred.
However, the local, state and federal emergency management authorities had held many planning sessions on the unique problem of “evacuating in” large crowds (instead of the usual procedure of evacuating people out of structures).

All in all, every kind of “natural” threat was anticipated and plans put into place to ensure that the Games spectators and staff were protected from injury at all times.
Unfortunately, the third category - “human” threats - provided the incident which we all feared most - the death of an innocent Games participant from a terrorist act. The explosion of a pipe bomb (one of three - the other two did not explode) placed in a knapsack and left in Centennial Park will likely be the single best-remembered event of the Atlanta Games. What most people will never hear about will be the days, weeks, and months of preparation and planning for terrorist activities that kept the rest of the Games secure and free from disruptions of any kind.

Long before the Atlanta Games began, activities of all known and suspected terrorist groups were being carefully monitored, and the results of this surveillance were shared by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with security personnel from ACOG and the local and state law enforcement groups.

Tabletop exercises and other simulations of terrorist attacks were conducted regularly to ensure a swift and coordinated response by the huge numbers of security personnel, (volunteers, ACOG security, Borg Warner security, Atlanta police, Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) security, FBI agents, etc.) to a wide range of potential threats.

Notwithstanding the explosion in Centennial Park, the security at the Atlanta Games was widely regarded to be the tightest and most effective ever provided for any Olympic event - an accomplishment truly made more impressive by the massive size and scope of the event which had to be covered!
Sadly, the pipe bomb explosion has eclipsed much of the intense preparation done to provide security for the Games. Questions arising from the blast (Why weren’t metal detectors installed at the entrances to Centennial Park? How could the call to Atlanta 911 personnel have been handled differently so as to have provided more warning? ) still remain. While the response of the local, state and federal emergency management personnel to the explosion itself was immediate and well-orchestrated, the main question - could realistic steps have been taken which would have prevented this tragedy? - will in all likelihood never be answered definitely.
On July 19 at 7:00 p.m. EDT, the Centennial Olympic Games began in Atlanta, Georgia. Seventeen days later, on August 4, the Games ended. For those 17 days, the eyes of the world were focused on our city; people across the planet witnessed moments of glory and tragedy, suffering and triumph, all ultimately revealing the resilience of the human spirit. The people of the city of Atlanta are proud of the role we played on the world stage.
How did we do? The answer: Far better than the embarrassment some had predicted, but short of the perfection we sought.



5 Strange Olympic Sports That Were Dropped




5. Skijoring




A skijoring competitor goes airborne in Leadville, Colorado; Kaila Angello

Skijoring is a popular sport in winter climates, where skiers show off their best jumps and other moves while being pulled behind a horse, dogs or even a car, snowmobile or motorcycle. But skijoring never caught on in the Olympics. It appeared only once in the Winter Games, serving as a demonstration sport in the 1928 Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland.



4. Military Patrol




Members of a German military patrol team train in 1932; Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-12927

The advent of this sport in the Olympics is a bit curious. Evidently, the world hadn’t seen enough military units and firearms a few years earlier in World War I, so Olympic officials added the sport of military patrol to the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. In essence, military patrol pitted four-member military units from different countries against one another in a competition involving cross-country skiing, ski-mountaineering and rifle shooting. Curiously, the team from Switzerland — a country that maintained strict neutrality in both world wars — won the event. Military patrol appeared as a demonstration sport a few times in the next couple of decades, before evolving into the modern sport of biathlon — which is virtually the same thing, minus the politically loaded “military” term.



3. Tug of War




The Irish tug of war team digs in at a 2009 world competition. (Inset) Tug of war event in the 1904 Olympics; John Moore

Tug of war dates back thousands of years as an athletic competition, so it seemed natural to include this sport when the modern Olympics began in 1896 (tug of war actually debuted at the 1900 Olympics in Paris). But tug of war was discontinued after the 1920 games. The sport is still contested on playgrounds around the world, and at a higher level through the Tug of War International Federation and the World Games, the international showcase for sports not featured in the Olympics.



2. Korfball




A korfball match in the Netherlands, where the sport is very popular and (inset) at the 1928 Olympics; credit: Knilles

Korfball is a national obsession in the Netherlands, where it was invented in 1902 and where tens of thousands of people today play the game. Very similar to basketball, a korfball player scores by throwing a ball through a hoop, although no dribbling is required, and there are other notable differences (for example, both men and women play on the same team.) According to the International Korfball Federation, the sport is played in more than 60 countries, including the U.S., and has been part of the World Games since 1985. But korfball fizzled as an Olympic sport, being used as a demonstration sport in the 1920 and 1928 Summer Games before being dropped from the program. That’s bad news for the Netherlands, a perennial power that has won the korfball championship at every World Games since 1985.



1. Gliding




A model of a German glider designed for competition in the 1940 Olympics, which were canceled by war; Stahlkocher

This sport, involving a pilot and an unpowered glider, appeared as a demonstration event in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin; no surprise there, as the sport of gliding had evolved a few years earlier in Germany. As you might imagine, gliding involved an element of danger — the day before the demonstration, an Austrian pilot lost his life when the wing on his glider broke. After the demonstration, in which pilots competed to cover greater distances, gliding seemed primed to be part of the 1940 Olympics and beyond. But those Olympics were canceled by war, and gliding never again appeared in the Olympics.



One More: Water Motorsports




The powerboat Wolseley-Siddely competes at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

If you’ve ever been to a powerboat race, you know how exciting these can be, with racers reaching speeds of 250 mph in some events. It was quite a different story at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London when “water motorsports” debuted as an official sport. Although 17 boaters competed, only one boat finished each of the three events because of a fierce gale. The International Olympic Committee dropped water motorsports after those games, deciding that motorized sports were not appropriate for the Olympics.

New Year's in North America


Canada
New Year traditions and celebrations in Canada vary regionally. New Year's Eve (also called New Year's Eve Day or Veille du Jour de l'An in French) is generally a social holiday. In many cities, such as Toronto and Niagara Falls in Ontario, there are large celebrations which may feature concerts, late-night partying, sporting events, and fireworks, with free public transit service during peak party times in most major cities. In some areas, such as in rural Quebec, people ice fish and drink alcoholic beverages with their friends until the early hours of January 1.
From 1956 to 1976, Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians serenaded Canada on the CBC, via a feed from CBS, from the ballroom of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on Park Avenue in New York City. After Lombardo's death in 1977, the Royal Canadians continued on CBC and CBS until 1978.
In 1992, the sketch comedy troupe Royal Canadian Air Farce began airing its annual Year of the Farce special on CBC Television, which features sketches lampooning the major events and news stories of the year. While the original 1992 edition was a one-off special, Year of the Farce episodes continued as a regular feature of the Air Farce television series which ran from 1993 to 2008—airing its series finale on December 31, 2008. Following the finale of the television series, the original cast continued to participate in New Year's Eve specials in the years following.
Similarly, the CBC's French language network Ici Radio-Canada Télé airs its own yearly New Year's Eve comedy special, Bye Bye. Unlike Year of the Farce, Bye Bye has been presented by various comedians; originally running from 1968 to 1998, it was revived in 2006 by the Québécois troupe Rock et Belles Oreilles. Its 2008 edition, hosted and co-produced by Québécois television personality Véronique Cloutier, became infamous for several sketches that many viewers perceived as offensive, including sketches making fun of English Canadians and then American president-elect Barack Obama.
Mexico
Mexicans celebrate New Year's Eve, (Spanish: Vispera de Año Nuevo) by eating a grape with each of the twelve chimes of a clock's bell during the midnight countdown, while making a wish with each one. Mexican families decorate homes and parties in colors that represent wishes for the upcoming year: red encourages an overall improvement of lifestyle and love, yellow encourages blessings of improved employment conditions, green for improved financial circumstances, and white for improved health. Mexican sweet bread is baked with a coin or charm hidden in the dough. When the bread is served, the recipient of the slice with the coin or charm is said to be blessed with good luck in the New Year. Another tradition is to make a list of all the bad or unhappy events over the past 12 months; before midnight, this list is thrown into a fire, symbolizing the removal of negative energy from the new year. At the same time, thanks are expressed for all the good things during the year that is ending so that they will continue in the new year.
Mexicans celebrate with a late-night dinner with their families, the traditional meal being turkey or pork loin. Afterwards many people attend parties outside the home, for example, in night clubs. In Mexico City there is a street festival on New Year's Eve centered around the Zocalo, the city's main square. Celebrations include firecrackers, fireworks and sparklers and shouts of "¡Feliz año nuevo!"
Puerto Rico[edit]
In Puerto Rico, New Year's Eve is celebrated with friends and family. The Puerto Rico Convention Center in San Juan is the main attraction for Puerto Ricans during the celebration. It has Latin music, fireworks at midnight along with the signature song "Auld Lang Syne" in Spanish.
United States[edit]






The ball drop in New York City's Times Square attracts a million spectators yearly.
In the United States, New Year's Eve is celebrated with formal parties, family-oriented activities, and other large public events.
One of the most prominent celebrations in the country is the "ball drop" held in New York City's Times Square. Inspired by the time balls that were formally used as a time signal, at 11:59 p.m. ET, an 11,875-pound (5,386 kg), 12-foot (3.7 m) diameter Waterford crystal ball located on the roof of One Times Square is lowered down a pole that is 70 feet high, reaching the roof of the building one minute later to signal the start of the New Year. The Ball Drop has been held since 1907, and in recent years has averaged around a million spectators annually. The popularity of the spectacle also inspired similar "drop" events outside of New York City, which often use objects that represent a region's culture, geography, or history—such as Atlanta's "Peach Drop", representing Georgia's identity as the "Peach State".
The portrayal of festivities on radio and television has helped ingrain certain aspects of the celebration in American pop culture; beginning on the radio in 1928, and on CBS television from 1956 to 1976 (which also included coverage of the ball drop), Guy Lombardo and his band, The Royal Canadians, presented an annual New Year's Eve broadcast from the ballroom of New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The broadcasts were also well known for the Royal Canadians' signature performance of "Auld Lang Syne" at midnight, which helped popularize the song as a New Year's standard. After Lombardo's death in 1977, prominence shifted towards ABC's special Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve (which had recently moved from NBC), originally intended by its creator and host Dick Clark to be a modern and youthful alternative to Lombardo's big band music. Including ABC's special coverage of the year 2000, Clark would host New Year's Eve coverage on ABC for thirty-three straight years. After suffering a stroke, Clark ceded hosting duties in 2005 to talk show host Regis Philbin. Although Clark returned the following year, a speech impediment caused by the stroke prevented him from being the main host until his death in April 2012, Clark made limited appearances on the show as a co-host, but was formally succeeded by Ryan Seacrest.
New Year's Eve is traditionally the busiest day of the year at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida and Disneyland in Anaheim, California, where the parks stay open late and the usual nightly fireworks are supplemented by an additional New Year's Eve-specific show at midnight.
Religious observances
In the Roman Catholic Church, January 1 is a solemnity honoring the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of Jesus; it is a Holy Day of Obligation in most countries (Australia being a notable exception), thus the Church requires the attendance of all Catholics in such countries for Mass that day. However a vigil Mass may be held on the evening before a Holy Day; thus it has become customary to celebrate Mass on the evening of New Year's Eve. (New Year's Eve is a feast day honoring Pope Sylvester I in the Roman Catholic calendar, but it is not widely recognized in the United States.)
Many Christian congregations have New Year's Eve watchnight services. Some, especially Lutherans and Methodists and those in the African American community, have a tradition known as "Watch Night", in which the faithful congregate in services continuing past midnight, giving thanks for the blessings of the outgoing year and praying for divine favor during the upcoming year. In the English-speaking world, Watch Night can be traced back to John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, who learned the custom from the Moravian Brethren who came to England in the 1730s. Moravian congregations still observe the Watch Night service on New Year's Eve. Watch Night took on special significance to African Americans on New Year's Eve 1862, as slaves anticipated the arrival of January 1, 1863, when Lincoln had announced he would sign the Emancipation Proclamation.

Charlie Chaplin

Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, born in 16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977 was a British comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the silent era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona "the Tramp" and is considered one of the most important figures of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death at age 88, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.
Raised in London, Chaplin's childhood was defined by poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine. When he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian. At 19 he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, which took him to America. Chaplin was scouted for the film industry, and made his first appearance in Keystone Studios's Making a Living (1914). He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a large fan base. Chaplin directed his films from an early stage, and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations. By 1918, he was one of the best known figures in the world.
In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political and his next film, The Great Dictator (1940), satirised Adolf Hitler. The 1940s was a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and his popularity declined rapidly. He was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967).
Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in, and composed the music for most of his films. He was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramp's struggles against adversity. Many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of a renewed appreciation for his work, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences gave Chaplin an Honorary Award for his outstanding contribution to the film industry. He continues to be held in high regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator often ranked among industry lists of the greatest films of all time.
United Artists, Mildred Harris, and The Kid
After the release of Shoulder Arms, Chaplin requested more money from First National, which was refused. Frustrated with their lack of concern for quality, and worried about rumours of a possible merger between the company and Famous Players-Lasky,Chaplin joined forces with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and D. W. Griffith to form a new distribution company – United Artists, established in January 1919.The arrangement was revolutionary in the film industry, as it enabled the four partners – all creative artists – to personally fund their pictures and have complete control. Chaplin was eager to start with the new company, and offered to buy out his contract with First National. They declined this, and insisted that he complete the final six films he owed them.






The Kid (1921), with Jackie Coogan, combined comedy with drama and was Chaplin's first film to exceed an hour.
Before the creation of United Artists, Chaplin married for the first time. The 17-year-old actress Mildred Harris had revealed that she was pregnant with his child, and in September 1918 he married her quietly in Los Angeles to avoid controversy.Soon after, the pregnancy was found to be a false alarm. Chaplin was unhappy with the union and, feeling that marriage stunted his creativity, struggled over the production of his film Sunnyside.Harris was by then legitimately pregnant, and on 7 July 1919, gave birth to a son. Norman Spencer Chaplin was born malformed, and died three days later.The marriage eventually ended in April 1920, with Chaplin explaining in his autobiography that they were "irreconcilably mismated".
Losing a child is thought to have influenced Chaplin's work, as he planned a film which turned the Tramp into the caretaker of a young boy. For this new venture, Chaplin also wished to do more than comedy and, according to Louvish, "make his mark on a changed world." Filming on The Kid began in August 1919, with four-year-old Jackie Coogan his co-star.It occurred to Chaplin that it was turning into a large project, so to placate First National, he halted production and quickly filmed A Day's Pleasure. The Kid was in production for nine months, until May 1920, and at 68 minutes it was Chaplin's longest picture to date. Dealing with issues of poverty and parent–child separation, The Kid is thought to have been influenced by Chaplin's own childhood and was one of the earliest films to combine comedy and drama. It was released in January 1921 with instant success, and by 1924 had been screened in over 50 countries.



Chaplin spent five months on his next film, the two-reeler The Idle Class. Following its September 1921 release, he chose to return to England for the first time in almost a decade. He then worked to fulfil his First National contract, releasing Pay Day in February 1922. The Pilgrim – his final short film – was delayed by distribution disagreements with the studio, and released a year later




Brazilian Wedding Tradition



Traditional wedding celebrations and Brazilian folklore are among the richest and most expressive of the world, rich in songs, legends, dances, beliefs, and foods. The mixture of Indigenous, Negro, and Caucasian races forms the Brazilian Nation, creating an intense diversity in wedding traditions and a vast cultural experience we can all enjoy.
The numerous traditions in Brazilian culture , the phases of the moon, for example, determine when to plant and when to sow. Some folkloric traditions of Brazil are brought to us by Brazilian brides and grooms and give us many traditions for wedding celebrations.
Bride:
The bride must be late, not 30 mins, but at least 10 minutes after the groom, you don't want to get there before him, do you?
Dance:
Pagode is a form of samba (a dance) which is often played and danced at weddings. Lots of wonderful Samba music.
Dinner Tables:
Tables (instead of numbering) can be named after cities in Brazil that the guests are from.
Donkey:
Bumba-Meu-Boi ~ A man would prove his worth as a suitable husband by his ability to tame an unbridled donkey.
If his attempts were successful, he had permission to marry the daughter of the man who owned the donkey. This tradition we here of often but it was just from a particular area of Brazil and Cape Cod has few donkeys but many lovely Brazilian ladies.
Wedding Dress:
The Bride is supposed to be late and if the groom sees her dress before the wedding it is considered very bad luck. The groom CANNOT see the bride dressed up before the
ceremony, he can't even see her gown, he'll only see it when she arrives for the wedding.
In Brazil it can be difficult to find tuxes and matching dresses for them, so they just all wore whatever formal wear that could be found. Brazilian brides usually rent their wedding gown for a savings on its one time use. Like men rent tuxes here.
Wedding Party:
I think the most different thing is the "padrinhos" (the wedding party. In Brazil, they don't pick them separately: bride's maids and groom's men. They choose couples--married or not, they even match them up .They usually have three couples on each side.
Wedding Rings:
Another thing is .....do not drop your wedding bands at the time of exchange, it is known that if that happens your marriage won't last.

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